Architecture – Korean Architecture – Part 3

Donhwamum Gate
Main Gate of Changeokgung Palace

The architecture of the Korean Peninsula during the Goryeo (918–1392) and Joseon (1392–1897) dynasties showcases a rich diversity, evolving through influences from Buddhism, Confucianism, and the practical needs of daily life. Here’s an overview reflecting the variety in architectural styles and purposes:

Goryeo Dynasty Architecture

Religious:

The Goryeo dynasty, with its strong Buddhist influences, saw the construction of numerous temples and pagodas. A prominent example is the Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda, a marble pagoda that reflects the era’s sophisticated Buddhist architecture. Temples were adorned with intricate carvings, gilt bronze Buddhas, and were often situated in scenic locations to enhance spiritual contemplation.

Royal:

The capital city, Gaeseong, hosted the royal palace, which was the epicenter of Goryeo political and cultural life. Although much of the palace architecture has not survived, historical records describe it as a complex of grand buildings with curved tile roofs, wooden columns, and elaborate decorations.

Urban:

Gaeseong was also a hub of urban development, featuring well-organized streets and markets. The city was surrounded by walls for protection and controlled access, reflecting urban planning principles of the time.

Joseon Dynasty Architecture

Fortress:

With the advent of the Joseon dynasty, there was a shift towards Confucianism and military defense. This era is renowned for its fortress constructions, such as Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon, which was designed with both practical defense mechanisms and aesthetic considerations in mind. The fortress incorporates scientific and architectural innovations that were advanced for their time.

Religious:

Although Confucianism became the state ideology, Buddhism continued to influence religious architecture. However, Joseon temples were often more subdued compared to their Goryeo predecessors, reflecting Confucian values of simplicity and harmony with nature.

Royal:

Joseon dynasty palaces, such as Gyeongbokgung in Seoul, are iconic for their elegant and harmonious design, integrating with the natural landscape. These palaces were constructed according to Confucian principles, emphasizing symmetry, hierarchy, and the relationship between architecture and its natural surroundings.

Urban:

Joseon dynasty cities saw further development in urban planning and infrastructure. The capital, Hanyang (modern-day Seoul), was designed with major palaces at its center, surrounded by residential areas, markets, and administrative buildings, all encircled by city walls.

Vernacular:

Commoners’ houses, known as Hanok, were built according to the Korean principle of Baesanimsu, which dictates that the best houses are built with a mountain in the back and a river in the front. Hanoks were designed to be in harmony with their natural surroundings, featuring tiled roofs that curve upwards at the edges, wooden beams, and ondol (underfloor heating).

The transition from Goryeo to Joseon dynasty architecture reflects shifts in religious and philosophical influences, technological advancements, and the evolving needs of society. While Goryeo architecture was heavily influenced by Buddhism, Joseon architecture reflects a blend of Confucian principles, practical defense considerations, and an enduring respect for nature that has shaped Korea’s architectural heritage.

10 storey high marble pagoda
Gyongchaeonsa Temple